Anisotropy in thin Canning sheet metals

Abstract
The in-plane anisotropy of ductile sheet metal may be characterised by r-values within a uniform tensile strain range. In iow ductiiity material, tensile failure occurs by the formation of an inciined groove within which the plasticity is localised. Under these conditions, where lateral and axial displacements cannot determine an r-value reliably, the inclination of the local groove is used. Anisotropy is characterised from an orthotropic yield criterion within three r-values, found from tension tests at , and to the roll. Application to bi-axial stress states are made from elliptical bulge forming. The theory may reprcduce the pressure-height curves and pole strain paths provided an equivalence exists between flow curves from tension and bulge tests. Otherwise, the circular bulge test is better for providing the hardening parameters and fracture strain for use in in biaxial stress applications. There appears to be no advantage in using other non-quadratic yield criteria except by the addition of linear and cubic terms.